编程术语表

全部课程里的 389 个术语，中英对照，每个都附英文定义，并链接到讲它的那一课。

#

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
.dockerignore	.dockerignore	Files Docker should leave out of COPY . .	层、缓存与小镜像
.gitignore	.gitignore 忽略文件	A list of file patterns Git should not track.	.gitignore 与 pull request
429 Too Many Requests	429 请求过多	The HTTP status for a rate-limited request.	限流

A

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Abort	中止	Cancel an operation and go back to before it started.	合并冲突
Absolute path	绝对路径	A path from the root, starting with /.	文件与文件夹
Accessibility (a11y)	无障碍	Making pages usable by everyone, whatever device or ability.	表单与无障碍
Accumulator	累加器	A variable set before a loop and updated each round to build a result.	for 与 range()
Accuracy	准确率	The share of predictions that were right.	衡量一个模型
Aggregate	聚合	To combine many values into one, such as a count or a sum.	分组与统计
Algorithm	算法	A finite list of precise steps that solves a problem.	算法：怎样找得快
Algorithm	算法	A finite, step-by-step method that solves a whole class of problems.	毕业关：任意迷宫
Alias (AS)	别名	A new name for a column or table, valid inside one query.	排序与截取
Allow-list	允许清单	A list of the only values that are accepted; everything else is rejected.	SQL 注入
Alt text	替代文字	A text description of an image, read aloud by screen readers.	页面的结构
append()	append() 追加	A list method that adds an item to the end.	列表基础
Argument	实参	The actual value passed to a function in a call.	def、参数与 return
Array	数组	An ordered list of values: [1, 2, 3].	数组、对象与 JSON
Array	数组	Items stored in order and reached by index; Python's list.	双指针与滑动窗口
Ascending (ASC)	升序	From small to large, A to Z, old to new.	排序与截取
assert	assert 断言	Raises AssertionError when its condition is false.	你的第一批测试
Assignment	赋值	A statement that evaluates the right side and binds the result to a name.	变量
async / await	async / await	Write asynchronous code that reads top to bottom.	异步与 fetch
Authentication	认证	Who are you? Failing it: 401.	会话、401 与 403
Authorization	授权	May you do this? Failing it: 403.	会话、401 与 403
Autoscaling	自动扩缩容	Changing the number of copies to match load.	自动扩缩容
Availability	可用性	The system and data are reachable when they are needed.	威胁与风险
Average	平均值	The sum of the values divided by how many there are.	处理列表

B

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Back-pressure	背压	Slowing producers down when consumers can't keep up.	队列、重试与幂等
Backend	后端	The server side of an app: it handles requests and stores data.	路由
Base case	基本情况	The smallest input, answered without recursion.	递归与归并排序
Big-O notation	大 O 记法	A description of how work grows with input size, such as O(n).	大 O：数步数
Binary	二进制	Writing numbers with only 0 and 1, each place worth twice the one to its right.	0 和 1：二进制
Binary search	二分查找	Finding an item in a sorted list by checking the middle and keeping only the half that can contain it.	算法：怎样找得快
Binary search	二分查找	Halving a sorted range at each step to find a target in O(log n).	二分查找
Bit	比特	The smallest unit of data: a single 0 or 1.	0 和 1：二进制
Boolean	布尔值	A value that is either True or False.	先看再走：if
Boundary value	边界值	An input at or just past a limit.	边界情况
Box model	盒模型	Content, padding, border and margin around every element.	布局：盒子、flexbox、手机
Branch	分支	One of the alternative blocks of code that an if statement can run.	if 与 else 分支与合并
Breadth-first search (BFS)	广度优先搜索	Explore level by level with a queue.	图：BFS 与 DFS
Brute force	暴力破解	Trying every possible password until one works.	用数字看暴力破解
Bug	程序错误	A mistake in a program that makes it do something unintended.	伪代码与找 bug
Bug	程序错误	A mistake in a program that makes it behave differently from what you intended.	转弯
Build cache	构建缓存	Reused layers; the first changed COPY breaks it.	层、缓存与小镜像
Built-in function	内置函数	A function such as sum or max that Python provides without imports.	处理列表
Burn rate	消耗速率	How fast the error budget is being spent.	SLO 与错误预算
Byte	字节	A group of 8 bits; it can hold 256 different values.	0 和 1：二进制

C

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Cache	缓存	A small fast store holding copies of data that is slow to fetch.	页面置换与 LRU 缓存
Call	调用	To run a function by writing its name followed by parentheses.	教新指令：def
Cascade	层叠	The rules a browser uses to pick one value when several CSS rules conflict.	选择器与层叠
Certificate	证书	A signed statement that a public key belongs to a domain name.	从网址到页面
Character encoding	字符编码	An agreed table that gives every character a number.	文字、颜色和图片
CI/CD	持续集成/持续交付	Test every change automatically, and release what passes.	用 GitHub Actions 做 CI
CIDR notation	CIDR 记法	Writing an address range as address/prefix, such as 192.0.2.0/24.	防火墙规则
Classification	分类	Predicting a category instead of a number.	k 近邻
Commit	提交	One saved snapshot in Git's history, with a message.	提交
Comparison operator	比较运算符	An operator such as == or < that compares two values and gives True or False.	if 与 else
Compression	压缩	Storing data in fewer bytes by encoding it cleverly.	文字、颜色和图片
Concatenation	拼接	Joining strings end to end with +.	下标与切片
Condition	条件	A question with a yes-or-no answer that decides which steps run.	伪代码与找 bug
Condition	条件	An expression that is either True or False.	先看再走：if
Confidentiality	机密性	Only the right people can read the data.	威胁与风险
Confusion matrix	混淆矩阵	Counts of TP, FP, FN and TN.	衡量一个模型
Connection refused	连接被拒绝	The machine answered, but nothing listens on that port.	找出哪里坏了
Consistent hashing	一致性哈希	A hash ring where adding a server moves few keys.	负载均衡与一致性哈希
console.log	console.log	Prints values to the console; JavaScript's print().	JavaScript 基础
Constraint	约束	A rule the database enforces on stored data.	修改数据与事务
Container image	容器镜像	An app packaged with everything it needs to run.	容器与 Dockerfile
Cookie	Cookie	A small value the browser stores and sends back to the same site.	会话、401 与 403
Cosine similarity	余弦相似度	Dot product divided by both lengths.	嵌入与检索
Counter	计数器	A variable that is increased by 1 each time something happens.	while 循环
CPU (processor)	处理器	The part of a computer that carries out a program's instructions.	机器里面有什么
Critical section	临界区	Code that must not run in two threads at once.	线程、竞态与锁
Cross-site scripting (XSS)	跨站脚本（XSS）	Running an attacker's script in other users' browsers through unescaped text.	XSS 与路径穿越
CSS	CSS	Cascading Style Sheets: the rules that decide how HTML looks.	选择器与层叠
CSV	CSV 文件	Comma-separated values: a table as plain text, one row per line.	管道与重定向

D

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Data type	数据类型	A category of values that determines which operations apply to them.	类型与 input()
Deadlock	死锁	Processes waiting on each other in a cycle, so none can continue.	死锁
Debugging	调试	Finding and fixing bugs, often by tracing the steps one at a time.	伪代码与找 bug
Decimal	十进制	The everyday number system, with digits 0 to 9 and places worth ones, tens, hundreds.	0 和 1：二进制
Decomposition	分解	Breaking a problem into smaller parts that are easier to solve one at a time.	捡宝石毕业挑战
Decorator	装饰器	@name above a def: replaces the function with a wrapped version.	中间件与错误处理
Default deny	默认拒绝	Blocking everything that no rule explicitly allows.	防火墙规则
Define	定义	To create a function with def, giving its name and body.	教新指令：def
Dependency injection	依赖注入	Passing in what code depends on, so tests can swap it.	测试替身与依赖注入
Depth-first search (DFS)	深度优先搜索	Explore one path deep before backing up.	图：BFS 与 DFS
Deque	双端队列	A double-ended queue with O(1) adds and removes at both ends.	栈与队列
Descending (DESC)	降序	From large to small, Z to A, new to old.	排序与截取
Dictionary attack	字典攻击	Guessing passwords by hashing a list of common passwords and comparing.	哈希与加盐
Diff	差异	The line-by-line changes between two versions.	查看与撤销修改
DNS	域名系统	The system that turns domain names into IP addresses, like a phone book.	互联网怎么工作
DNS	域名系统	The system that turns names like example.com into IP addresses.	DNS 域名解析
Docker	Docker	The most common tool for building and running containers.	容器与 Dockerfile
Docker Compose	Docker Compose	Runs several containers described in one YAML file.	Docker Compose
Dockerfile	Dockerfile	The recipe for a container image.	容器与 Dockerfile
Drift	配置漂移	Real infrastructure no longer matching the files.	计划与状态
Dynamic programming	动态规划	Reusing answers to overlapping subproblems instead of recomputing them.	动态规划

E

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Edge case	边界情况	An unusual input: empty, zero, the largest value…	边界情况
Element	元素	One item stored in a list.	列表基础
elif	elif 分支	An extra condition in an if statement, checked only if the ones above were False.	elif 与 and / or / not
else	else 分支	The block that runs when the if condition is False.	先看再走：if
Embedding	嵌入	A vector that places similar meanings close together.	嵌入与检索
Encoding	编码	Changing data into another format with a public, reversible scheme such as Base64.	编码与加密
Encryption	加密	Scrambling data so only someone with the key can read it.	编码与加密
Epoch	轮次	One pass over the training data.	梯度下降
Equality ==	相等 ==	The operator that checks whether two values are equal.	if 与 else
Error	错误	A problem that stops a program from running, reported with the line where it happened.	捡宝石
Error budget	错误预算	1 − SLO: the failure you can afford.	SLO 与错误预算
Escaping	转义	Turning < > & " into entities so text can't become HTML.	状态与渲染
Escaping	转义	Replacing special characters such as < with safe codes such as <.	XSS 与路径穿越
Euclidean distance	欧几里得距离	Straight-line distance between two points.	k 近邻
Exit status	退出状态	The number a command ends with: 0 means success.	shell 脚本
Exponential backoff	指数退避	Doubling the wait after each failure, up to a cap.	队列、重试与幂等

F

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
f-string	f-string 格式化字符串	A string starting with f whose {expressions} are evaluated and inserted.	字符串方法与 f-string
Fast-forward	快进	A merge where the branch label just moves forward.	分支与合并
Feature	特征	An input column the model uses.	数据、特征和标签
fetch	fetch	The browser function for HTTP requests.	异步与 fetch
File	文件	A named piece of data kept in storage.	文件和文件夹
File extension	扩展名	The end of a file name after the last dot, such as .jpg, which says what kind of file it is.	文件和文件夹
File system	文件系统	The layer that turns disk blocks into named files and folders.	文件系统
Filtering	筛选	Building a new list with only the items that pass a test.	处理列表
Firewall	防火墙	A filter that allows or blocks network traffic according to rules.	防火墙规则
First match wins	首个匹配生效	In an if/elif chain only the first True condition's block runs.	elif 与 and / or / not
Flapping	抖动	Scaling up and down over and over.	自动扩缩容
Flexbox	弹性布局	A layout mode that arranges children in a row or column.	布局：盒子、flexbox、手机
float	浮点数类型	The type of numbers with a decimal point, such as 3.5.	类型与 input()
Floor division //	整除 //	Division that keeps only the whole-number part of the result.	print() 与计算
Folder (directory)	文件夹（目录）	A container that holds files and other folders.	文件和文件夹
for loop	for 循环	A loop that runs its body once for each value in a sequence, such as range(n).	用 for 重复
Foreign key	外键	A column that points to a row in another table by its id.	连接表
Form	表单	A group of inputs whose values are sent together.	表单与无障碍
Function	函数	A named group of steps you can use again and again by its name.	伪代码与找 bug
Function	函数	A named block of code that runs when it is called.	教新指令：def
Function call	函数调用	Running a named action by writing its name followed by parentheses, such as move().	第一步

G

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
GitHub Actions	GitHub Actions	GitHub's CI/CD service, configured with YAML workflows.	用 GitHub Actions 做 CI
Gradient	梯度	The slope of the loss with respect to a weight.	梯度下降
Gradient descent	梯度下降	Lowering the loss by stepping against the gradient.	梯度下降
Graph	图	Nodes connected by edges.	图：BFS 与 DFS
GROUP BY	分组	Splits rows into groups that share a value, one result row each.	分组与统计

H

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Hard link	硬链接	Another name for the same inode.	文件系统
Hardware	硬件	The physical parts of a computer that you can touch.	计算机在做什么
Hash	哈希值	A number computed from a key to find its slot quickly.	哈希表与集合哈希与加盐
Hash map	哈希表	A key → value store with fast lookup; Python's dict.	哈希表与集合
HEAD	HEAD	The commit you are currently on.	查看与撤销修改
Hit rate	命中率	The share of requests served from the cache.	页面置换与 LRU 缓存
HMAC	HMAC 消息认证码	A keyed hash that proves data was produced by someone holding the key and wasn't changed.	令牌与 HMAC
HPA	HPA 水平自动扩缩	Kubernetes' Horizontal Pod Autoscaler.	自动扩缩容
HTML	HTML	HyperText Markup Language: the elements that give a page its structure.	页面的结构
HTTP	超文本传输协议	The text protocol browsers and servers use: requests and responses.	HTTP 请求与响应
HTTP header	HTTP 头部	A Name: value line with extra information about a request or response.	HTTP 请求与响应
HTTPS	HTTPS 加密连接	HTTP with encryption, so nobody in between can read or change the data.	互联网怎么工作
Hypothesis	Hypothesis	A Python library for property-based testing.	表格与性质测试

I

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
IAM	身份与访问管理	Identity and access management: who may do what in a cloud account.	IAM 与最小权限
Idempotency	幂等性	Doing the same request twice has the same effect as once.	队列、重试与幂等
Idempotent	幂等	Doing it twice has the same effect as once.	API 设计与分页
if statement	if 语句	A statement that runs a block only when its condition is True.	先看再走：if
Immutable	不可变	Describes values, like strings, that cannot be changed after they are created.	字符串方法与 f-string
Implicit deny	隐式拒绝	Anything not explicitly allowed is refused.	IAM 与最小权限
in	in 成员运算	An operator that checks whether a value is contained in another, giving True or False.	字符串方法与 f-string
Incremental development	增量开发	Writing a program in small steps and testing after each one.	毕业挑战
Indentation	缩进	Spaces at the start of a line that show which block the line belongs to.	用 for 重复
Index	下标	The position of an item in a sequence, starting from 0.	下标与切片键、约束与索引
IndexError	下标越界错误	The error raised when an index is outside the valid range.	列表基础
Indicator of compromise	入侵迹象	Evidence that an attacker may have got in, such as a success after many failures.	从日志里找攻击
Infinite loop	死循环	A loop whose condition never becomes False, so it never stops.	一直走：while
Infrastructure as code	基础设施即代码	Cloud resources described in versioned files.	Terraform 基础
Inner loop	内层循环	The loop inside; it runs completely for each round of the outer loop.	循环套循环
Inode	索引节点	The record describing one file: size, owner, mode and blocks.	文件系统
Input	输入	Information that goes into a computer, such as typing, tapping or speaking.	计算机在做什么
input()	input() 输入函数	A function that reads a line typed by the user and returns it as a string.	类型与 input()
Instruction	指令	A single step that tells the computer to do one thing.	第一步
int	整数类型	The type of whole numbers, such as 42.	类型与 input()
Integrity	完整性	Data can't be changed without the change being noticed.	威胁与风险
IntegrityError	IntegrityError	Raised when a change breaks a table rule such as UNIQUE or CHECK.	在代码里用数据库
Internet	互联网	A worldwide network of networks that lets computers exchange data.	互联网怎么工作
Invariant	不变式	A fact that stays true on every step of a loop.	二分查找
IP address	IP 地址	A number that identifies a device on a network, like a street address.	互联网怎么工作
IP address	IP 地址	A number that identifies a device on a network, such as 192.168.1.20.	IP 地址与子网
Iteration	迭代	One pass through the body of a loop.	for 与 range()

J

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
JavaScript	JavaScript	The programming language every web browser runs.	JavaScript 基础
Join	连接	Combining rows of two tables that match on a condition.	连接表
JSON	JSON	A text format for data, used by almost every web API.	数组、对象与 JSON
json module	json 模块	json.loads turns JSON text into Python data; json.dumps does the reverse.	JSON API 与校验

K

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
k-nearest neighbours	k 近邻	Voting among the k closest examples.	k 近邻
Key	密钥	The secret value that controls encryption and decryption.	编码与加密
Keyspace	密钥空间	The number of possible passwords or keys.	用数字看暴力破解
Kubernetes	Kubernetes	A system that runs and heals containers across many machines.	Kubernetes 基础

L

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Label	标签（label）	The name of an input; linked with for="id".	表单与无障碍
Label	标签	The value the model learns to predict.	数据、特征和标签
Layer	镜像层	The result of one Dockerfile instruction; cached between builds.	层、缓存与小镜像
Learning rate	学习率	How big each gradient step is.	梯度下降
Least privilege	最小权限	Only the permissions a job needs.	IAM 与最小权限
Left join	左连接	A join that keeps every row of the left table, with NULLs where there is no match.	连接表
len()	len() 长度函数	A function that returns the number of items in a sequence.	下标与切片
Linear regression	线性回归	Predicting a number with a straight line.	线性回归与损失
Linear search	顺序查找	Checking items one by one from the start until you find the one you want.	算法：怎样找得快
List	列表	An ordered, changeable collection of values in square brackets.	列表基础
Load balancer	负载均衡器	Spreads requests over servers.	负载均衡与一致性哈希
Lock ordering	锁顺序	Always taking locks in one fixed order to prevent deadlock.	死锁
Log	日志	A record a program writes for each event, one line at a time.	从日志里找攻击
Log file	日志文件	A file a program appends a line to for each thing that happens.	读与搜
Logical operator	逻辑运算符	and, or and not, which combine or invert Boolean values.	elif 与 and / or / not
Loop	循环	A group of steps repeated a set number of times or while a condition is true.	伪代码与找 bug
Loop	循环	A structure that repeats a block of code.	用 for 重复
Loop body	循环体	The indented lines that a loop repeats.	用 for 重复
Loop condition	循环条件	The expression a while loop checks before each round.	while 循环
Loss	损失	A score for how wrong predictions are.	线性回归与损失
LRU	最近最少使用	Evict the item not used for the longest time.	页面置换与 LRU 缓存

M

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Mean squared error	均方误差	The average of squared prediction errors.	线性回归与损失
Media query	媒体查询	CSS that applies only when the screen matches a condition, such as max-width.	布局：盒子、flexbox、手机
Megabyte (MB)	兆字节	About a million bytes; a phone photo is usually a few MB.	文字、颜色和图片
Memoisation	记忆化	Caching a function's results by its arguments.	动态规划
Memory (RAM)	内存	Fast, temporary space for programs and data in use; wiped when the power is off.	机器里面有什么
Merge	合并	Bringing another branch's commits into the current one.	分支与合并
Merge conflict	合并冲突	Two branches changed the same lines; you choose the result.	合并冲突
Merge sort	归并排序	Sort halves recursively, then merge them: O(n log n).	递归与归并排序
Message queue	消息队列	A buffer between producers and workers.	队列、重试与幂等
Method	方法	A function attached to a value, called with a dot.	字符串方法与 f-string
Middleware	中间件	Code that wraps every request: logging, auth, errors.	中间件与错误处理
Min-max scaling	最小-最大缩放	Mapping values to 0…1 with (v − min) / (max − min).	数据、特征和标签
Mock	模拟对象	A double that records how it was called.	测试替身与依赖注入
Modulo %	取余 %	The remainder left over after whole-number division.	print() 与计算
Multi-stage build	多阶段构建	Build in one stage, ship only the result from a small one.	层、缓存与小镜像
Mutation testing	变异测试	Testing your tests by planting small bugs.	边界情况
Mutex (lock)	互斥锁	Lets only one thread at a time into a critical section.	线程、竞态与锁

N

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
N + 1	N + 1 冗余	One spare server beyond what the load needs.	粗略估算
NameError	名字错误	An error raised when code uses a name that has not been defined.	读懂报错
Nested loop	嵌套循环	A loop inside the body of another loop.	循环套循环
None	None 空值	The value a function gives back when it has no return statement.	def、参数与 return
Normalise a path	规范化路径	Resolve . and .. so the path shows where it really points.	XSS 与路径穿越
not	not 取反	An operator that turns True into False and False into True.	一直走：while
NULL	空值	A missing value; test it with IS NULL.	SELECT 与 WHERE

O

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Object	对象	Named values grouped together: { name: "Ada" }.	数组、对象与 JSON
Off-by-one error	差一错误	A bug where a loop runs one time too many or too few.	循环里的规律
On call	值班	Being the person who responds when production breaks.	进程与服务
Option (flag)	选项	A word starting with - that changes what a command does.	读与搜
Outer loop	外层循环	The loop that contains another loop.	循环套循环
Output	输出	What a computer produces for you, such as text on a screen or a sound.	计算机在做什么
Overfitting	过拟合	Doing well on training data and badly on new data.	衡量一个模型

P

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Packet	数据包	A small numbered piece of data sent across a network.	互联网怎么工作
Page	页	A fixed-size block of memory, often 4 KB.	虚拟内存与分页
Page fault	缺页	Access to a page not currently in RAM.	虚拟内存与分页
Pagination	分页	Returning a big list in pages.	API 设计与分页
Parameter	参数	A name in a function definition that receives a value when the function is called.	def、参数与 return
Parameterised query	参数化查询	SQL with ? placeholders; values are passed separately.	在代码里用数据库
Passphrase	密码短语	A long password made of several random words.	用数字看暴力破解
Password hash (bcrypt, Argon2)	密码哈希（bcrypt、Argon2）	A deliberately slow, salted hash designed for storing passwords.	哈希与加盐
Password manager	密码管理器	An app that creates and stores a different random password for every site.	用数字看暴力破解
Path	路径	The address of a file: the folders from the top down to it, separated by slashes.	文件和文件夹
Path traversal	路径穿越	Using ../ in a file name to reach files outside the intended folder.	XSS 与路径穿越
Pattern	规律	A group of steps that repeats and becomes the body of a loop.	循环里的规律
Peak factor	峰值系数	How much busier the peak is than the average.	粗略估算
Permission	权限	Whether a user may read, write or execute a file.	权限与 sudo
Pipe	管道	\| sends one command's output into the next command's input.	管道与重定向
Pixel	像素	One dot of colour on a screen or in a digital image.	文字、颜色和图片
Place value	位值	How much a digit is worth because of where it stands in a number.	0 和 1：二进制
Placeholder (?)	占位符（?）	A marker in a SQL query where a value is filled in safely by the database driver.	SQL 注入
Pod	Pod	One or more containers that Kubernetes runs together.	Kubernetes 基础
Port	端口	A number that selects a service on a machine, such as 22 for SSH or 443 for HTTPS.	防火墙规则
Port number	端口号	A number that selects a program on a machine, such as 443 for HTTPS.	TCP、UDP 与端口
Precision	精确率	TP / (TP + FP): how many flagged cases were real.	衡量一个模型
Primary key	主键	The column (or columns) that uniquely identifies a row.	键、约束与索引
print()	print() 输出函数	A built-in function that displays values on the screen.	print() 与计算
Process	进程	A running program, identified by its PID.	进程与服务
Process	进程	A running program with its own memory and state.	进程与调度
Processing	处理	What a computer does with input by following instructions.	计算机在做什么
Program	程序	A list of instructions that a computer follows step by step.	计算机在做什么
Program	程序	A sequence of instructions that a computer executes in order.	第一步
Promise	Promise	A value that will be ready later, or an error.	异步与 fetch
Property-based test	基于性质的测试	Rules checked on many generated inputs.	表格与性质测试
Pseudocode	伪代码	Steps written in plain language but structured like code.	伪代码与找 bug
Pull	拉取	Download a remote's commits and merge them.	远程仓库：推送与拉取
Pull request	拉取请求	A reviewed request to merge one branch into another.	.gitignore 与 pull request
Push	推送	Upload your commits to a remote.	远程仓库：推送与拉取
pytest	pytest	The most common test runner for Python.	你的第一批测试

Q

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
QPS	每秒请求数	Requests per second.	粗略估算
Query	查询	A question you ask a database, usually a SELECT statement.	SELECT 与 WHERE
Queue	队列	First in, first out.	栈与队列

R

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Race condition	竞态条件	A bug where the result depends on thread timing.	线程、竞态与锁
RAG	检索增强生成	Retrieving documents and adding them to a model's prompt.	嵌入与检索
range()	range() 范围函数	A function that produces a sequence of whole numbers, stopping before the stop value.	for 与 range()
Rate limiting	限流	Capping how fast a client may send requests.	限流
Readiness probe	就绪探针	A health check that decides when a pod gets traffic.	Kubernetes 基础
Recall	召回率	TP / (TP + FN): how many real cases were found.	衡量一个模型
Recursion	递归	A function solving a problem by calling itself on a smaller version.	递归与归并排序
Redirection	重定向	> or >> sends output into a file instead of the screen.	管道与重定向
Reducer	reducer 更新函数	A function (state, action) → new state.	状态与渲染
Regression test	回归测试	A test kept so a fixed bug can't come back.	TDD 与回归测试
Regular expression	正则表达式	A pattern describing the shape of text, used to match and extract parts.	从日志里找攻击
Remote	远程仓库	Another copy of the repository, such as one on GitHub.	远程仓库：推送与拉取
Replacement	替换（重建）	Destroy and recreate, for attributes that can't change in place.	计划与状态
Resolver	解析器	The DNS server that looks names up for your computer.	DNS 域名解析
Responsive design	响应式设计	One page that adapts to any screen size.	布局：盒子、flexbox、手机
REST	REST	URLs name resources; HTTP methods say what to do.	API 设计与分页
return	return 返回	The statement that ends a function and sends a value back to the caller.	def、参数与 return
Revert	反转提交	A new commit that undoes an earlier one.	查看与撤销修改
RGB	RGB 红绿蓝	A colour written as amounts of red, green and blue light, each 0 to 255.	文字、颜色和图片
Right-hand rule	右手法则	A maze algorithm: keep the wall on your right and follow it.	毕业关：任意迷宫
Risk	风险	How much a threat matters, often scored as likelihood times impact.	威胁与风险
Rollback	回滚	Undoing every change made since BEGIN.	修改数据与事务
root	root 超级用户	The administrator account on Linux; it may do anything.	权限与 sudo
round()	round() 四舍五入	A built-in that rounds a number to a given number of decimal places.	毕业挑战
Route	路由	A method and path pattern connected to a handler.	路由
Router	路由器	A device that forwards packets between networks.	IP 地址与子网
Runtime error	运行时错误	An error that happens while the program is running.	读懂报错

S

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Salt	盐	A random value mixed into each password before hashing so equal passwords get different hashes.	哈希与加盐
Save	保存	Copy your work from memory to storage so that it is kept.	机器里面有什么
Scheduler	调度器	The part of the OS that decides which process runs next.	进程与调度
Schema	表结构	The design of a database: its tables, columns and rules.	键、约束与索引
Secret (CI)	密钥（CI）	A protected value given to workflows, hidden in logs.	用 GitHub Actions 做 CI
secrets module	secrets 模块	Python's module for generating unpredictable tokens.	令牌与 HMAC
Segmentation fault	段错误	The OS stopping a process that accessed memory it doesn't own.	虚拟内存与分页
Selector	选择器	The pattern that picks which elements a CSS rule applies to.	选择器与层叠
Sentinel value	结束标记	A special input value that marks the end of the data.	while 循环
Sequence	顺序	Steps carried out one after another, in order.	伪代码与找 bug
Sequence	顺序执行	Running instructions one after another, in the order they are written.	转弯
Server	服务器	A computer that is always on and answers requests from other computers.	互联网怎么工作
Service	服务	A long-running program managed by systemd.	进程与服务
Service (Kubernetes)	Service（Kubernetes）	A stable address for a set of pods, found by labels.	Kubernetes 基础
Session	会话	A server-side record of a login, found through a cookie.	会话、401 与 403
Session id	会话 ID	A random value that identifies a logged-in user between requests.	令牌与 HMAC
Sharding	分片	Splitting data over servers by key.	负载均衡与一致性哈希
Shell script	shell 脚本	A file of shell commands run one after another.	shell 脚本
Shell variable	shell 变量	A name set with name=value and read with $name.	shell 脚本
Slice	切片	A part of a sequence taken with [start:stop], excluding stop.	下标与切片
Sliding window	滑动窗口	A moving range with a running total.	双指针与滑动窗口
SLO	服务水平目标	The reliability target, such as 99.9% over 30 days.	SLO 与错误预算
Software	软件	Programs: the instructions that tell the hardware what to do.	计算机在做什么
Sorted	有序	Arranged in order, such as smallest to largest or A to Z.	算法：怎样找得快
sorted()	sorted() 排序函数	A built-in that returns a new list with the items in ascending order.	处理列表
Specificity	优先级（特异性）	The (ids, classes, tags) score that decides between conflicting rules.	选择器与层叠
Spread	展开运算符	... copies the items of an array or the fields of an object.	数组、对象与 JSON
SQL injection	SQL 注入	Input that changes the meaning of a SQL query because it was pasted into the SQL text.	SQL 注入
sqlite3	sqlite3	Python's built-in library for SQLite databases.	在代码里用数据库
SRE	站点可靠性工程	Site reliability engineering: running services with software and agreed reliability targets.	SLO 与错误预算
Stack	栈	Last in, first out.	栈与队列
Staging area	暂存区	The changes chosen for the next commit.	提交
State	状态	The information a program remembers at a moment, such as position and direction.	转弯状态与渲染
Status code	状态码	The three-digit result of an HTTP request, such as 404.	HTTP 请求与响应路由
Storage	存储	Permanent space for files, such as an SSD or hard drive; kept when the power is off.	机器里面有什么
String	字符串	A sequence of characters written between quotes.	print() 与计算
Subnet	子网	A range of addresses sharing the same network prefix, such as 10.0.1.0/24.	IP 地址与子网
sudo	sudo	Runs one command as root.	权限与 sudo
Syntax error	语法错误	An error where code breaks the language's grammar, so the program cannot start.	读懂报错

T

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Table	表	Rows of the same kind of thing; each column holds one fact about it.	SELECT 与 WHERE
Table-driven test	表格驱动测试	Many (input, expected) rows checked in one loop.	表格与性质测试
Tag	标签	A fixed name for one commit, often a release like v1.0.	.gitignore 与 pull request 页面的结构
TCP	传输控制协议	A reliable, ordered byte stream between two programs.	TCP、UDP 与端口
TDD	测试驱动开发	Red, green, refactor: write the test first.	TDD 与回归测试
Template literal	模板字符串	Text in backticks where ${...} inserts values.	JavaScript 基础
Terminal	终端	A window where you type commands and read their output.	文件与文件夹
Terraform	Terraform	A tool that creates and updates cloud resources from files.	Terraform 基础
terraform plan	terraform plan	A preview of what Terraform would change.	Terraform 基础
Terraform state	Terraform 状态	Terraform's record of what it manages.	计划与状态
Test double	测试替身	A stub, fake or mock used in place of a real dependency.	测试替身与依赖注入
Test set	测试集	Rows kept aside to check the model on unseen data.	数据、特征和标签
Thread	线程	A sequence of execution inside a process; threads share the process's memory.	线程、竞态与锁
Threat	威胁	Anything that could break confidentiality, integrity or availability.	威胁与风险
Three-way handshake	三次握手	SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK: how a TCP connection starts.	TCP、UDP 与端口
Threshold	阈值	The value above which an alert is raised.	从日志里找攻击
Time complexity	时间复杂度	How the number of steps grows with n.	大 O：数步数
Time slice (quantum)	时间片	How long a process may run before the scheduler switches.	进程与调度
Timing attack	时序攻击	Learning a secret from how long an operation takes.	令牌与 HMAC
TLS	传输层安全	Encryption and server identity checks for a connection; the S in HTTPS.	从网址到页面
Token bucket	令牌桶	Allows bursts up to a capacity and an average rate.	限流
Transaction	事务	Statements that take effect all together or not at all.	修改数据与事务在代码里用数据库
Tree	树	A connected graph with no cycles and one root.	图：BFS 与 DFS
Troubleshooting	故障排查	Finding the cause of a problem by testing one possibility at a time.	找出哪里坏了
TTL	生存时间	How long an answer may be cached.	DNS 域名解析缓存
Two pointers	双指针	Two indexes moving through a list so each item is visited once.	双指针与滑动窗口
Type conversion	类型转换	Turning a value into another type, for example with int() or str().	类型与 input()
TypeError	类型错误	An error raised when an operation is used on a value of the wrong type.	读懂报错

U

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
UDP	用户数据报协议	Single messages with no delivery guarantee and little delay.	TCP、UDP 与端口
Unicode	Unicode 统一码	The character encoding used almost everywhere, covering nearly every writing system and emoji.	文字、颜色和图片
Unit test	单元测试	A small automated test of one piece of code.	你的第一批测试
URL	网址	A web address: protocol, domain name and path, such as https://example.com/news.	互联网怎么工作
URL	网址	scheme://host:port/path?query#fragment.	从网址到页面

V

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Validation	校验	Checking input before trusting it.	JSON API 与校验
Value	值	A piece of data, such as 42 or "hello".	变量
Variable	变量	A name that refers to a value stored in memory.	变量
Version control	版本控制	Keeping every saved version of files so you can compare and go back.	提交
Virtual memory	虚拟内存	Each process sees its own address space, mapped to RAM by the OS.	虚拟内存与分页
Virtual node	虚拟节点	One of many ring positions for the same server.	负载均衡与一致性哈希
Volume	卷	Storage that outlives a container.	Docker Compose

W

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
Wait-for graph	等待图	Arrows from each waiting process to the one it waits for.	死锁
while loop	while 循环	A loop that repeats while its condition is True.	一直走：while
Working directory	当前目录	The folder commands run in; relative paths start here.	文件与文件夹

X

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
XOR	异或 XOR	A bit operation; XOR with the same key twice returns the original value.	编码与加密

Y

术语	中文	英文定义	出自
YAML	YAML	An indentation-based text format for configuration.	Docker Compose