Programming glossary

389 terms from every lesson, each with a short definition and a link to the lesson that teaches it.

#

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
.dockerignore	.dockerignore	Files Docker should leave out of COPY . .	Layers, caching and small images
.gitignore	.gitignore 忽略文件	A list of file patterns Git should not track.	.gitignore and pull requests
429 Too Many Requests	429 请求过多	The HTTP status for a rate-limited request.	Rate limiting

A

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Abort	中止	Cancel an operation and go back to before it started.	Merge conflicts
Absolute path	绝对路径	A path from the root, starting with /.	Files and folders
Accessibility (a11y)	无障碍	Making pages usable by everyone, whatever device or ability.	Forms and accessibility
Accumulator	累加器	A variable set before a loop and updated each round to build a result.	for and range()
Accuracy	准确率	The share of predictions that were right.	Measuring a model
Aggregate	聚合	To combine many values into one, such as a count or a sum.	Grouping and counting
Algorithm	算法	A finite list of precise steps that solves a problem.	Algorithms: finding fast
Algorithm	算法	A finite, step-by-step method that solves a whole class of problems.	Final: any maze
Alias (AS)	别名	A new name for a column or table, valid inside one query.	Sorting and limiting
Allow-list	允许清单	A list of the only values that are accepted; everything else is rejected.	SQL injection
Alt text	替代文字	A text description of an image, read aloud by screen readers.	The structure of a page
append()	append() 追加	A list method that adds an item to the end.	List basics
Argument	实参	The actual value passed to a function in a call.	def, parameters and return
Array	数组	An ordered list of values: [1, 2, 3].	Arrays, objects and JSON
Array	数组	Items stored in order and reached by index; Python's list.	Two pointers and sliding windows
Ascending (ASC)	升序	From small to large, A to Z, old to new.	Sorting and limiting
assert	assert 断言	Raises AssertionError when its condition is false.	Your first tests
Assignment	赋值	A statement that evaluates the right side and binds the result to a name.	Variables
async / await	async / await	Write asynchronous code that reads top to bottom.	Async and fetch
Authentication	认证	Who are you? Failing it: 401.	Sessions, 401 and 403
Authorization	授权	May you do this? Failing it: 403.	Sessions, 401 and 403
Autoscaling	自动扩缩容	Changing the number of copies to match load.	Autoscaling
Availability	可用性	The system and data are reachable when they are needed.	Threats and risk
Average	平均值	The sum of the values divided by how many there are.	Working with lists

B

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Back-pressure	背压	Slowing producers down when consumers can't keep up.	Queues, retries and idempotency
Backend	后端	The server side of an app: it handles requests and stores data.	Routing
Base case	基本情况	The smallest input, answered without recursion.	Recursion and merge sort
Big-O notation	大 O 记法	A description of how work grows with input size, such as O(n).	Big-O: counting steps
Binary	二进制	Writing numbers with only 0 and 1, each place worth twice the one to its right.	Zeros and ones: binary
Binary search	二分查找	Finding an item in a sorted list by checking the middle and keeping only the half that can contain it.	Algorithms: finding fast
Binary search	二分查找	Halving a sorted range at each step to find a target in O(log n).	Binary search
Bit	比特	The smallest unit of data: a single 0 or 1.	Zeros and ones: binary
Boolean	布尔值	A value that is either True or False.	Look first: if
Boundary value	边界值	An input at or just past a limit.	Edge cases
Box model	盒模型	Content, padding, border and margin around every element.	Layout: boxes, flexbox, phones
Branch	分支	One of the alternative blocks of code that an if statement can run.	if and else Branching and merging
Breadth-first search (BFS)	广度优先搜索	Explore level by level with a queue.	Graphs: BFS and DFS
Brute force	暴力破解	Trying every possible password until one works.	Brute force in numbers
Bug	程序错误	A mistake in a program that makes it do something unintended.	Pseudocode and bugs
Bug	程序错误	A mistake in a program that makes it behave differently from what you intended.	Turning
Build cache	构建缓存	Reused layers; the first changed COPY breaks it.	Layers, caching and small images
Built-in function	内置函数	A function such as sum or max that Python provides without imports.	Working with lists
Burn rate	消耗速率	How fast the error budget is being spent.	SLOs and error budgets
Byte	字节	A group of 8 bits; it can hold 256 different values.	Zeros and ones: binary

C

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Cache	缓存	A small fast store holding copies of data that is slow to fetch.	Page replacement and LRU Caching
Call	调用	To run a function by writing its name followed by parentheses.	New commands: def
Cascade	层叠	The rules a browser uses to pick one value when several CSS rules conflict.	Selectors and the cascade
Certificate	证书	A signed statement that a public key belongs to a domain name.	From URL to page
Character encoding	字符编码	An agreed table that gives every character a number.	Text, colours and pictures
CI/CD	持续集成/持续交付	Test every change automatically, and release what passes.	CI with GitHub Actions
CIDR notation	CIDR 记法	Writing an address range as address/prefix, such as 192.0.2.0/24.	Firewall rules
Classification	分类	Predicting a category instead of a number.	k-nearest neighbours
Commit	提交	One saved snapshot in Git's history, with a message.	Commits
Comparison operator	比较运算符	An operator such as == or < that compares two values and gives True or False.	if and else
Compression	压缩	Storing data in fewer bytes by encoding it cleverly.	Text, colours and pictures
Concatenation	拼接	Joining strings end to end with +.	Indexing and slicing
Condition	条件	A question with a yes-or-no answer that decides which steps run.	Pseudocode and bugs
Condition	条件	An expression that is either True or False.	Look first: if
Confidentiality	机密性	Only the right people can read the data.	Threats and risk
Confusion matrix	混淆矩阵	Counts of TP, FP, FN and TN.	Measuring a model
Connection refused	连接被拒绝	The machine answered, but nothing listens on that port.	Finding what's broken
Consistent hashing	一致性哈希	A hash ring where adding a server moves few keys.	Load balancing and consistent hashing
console.log	console.log	Prints values to the console; JavaScript's print().	JavaScript basics
Constraint	约束	A rule the database enforces on stored data.	Changing data and transactions
Container image	容器镜像	An app packaged with everything it needs to run.	Containers and the Dockerfile
Cookie	Cookie	A small value the browser stores and sends back to the same site.	Sessions, 401 and 403
Cosine similarity	余弦相似度	Dot product divided by both lengths.	Embeddings and retrieval
Counter	计数器	A variable that is increased by 1 each time something happens.	while loops
CPU (processor)	处理器	The part of a computer that carries out a program's instructions.	Inside the machine
Critical section	临界区	Code that must not run in two threads at once.	Threads, races and locks
Cross-site scripting (XSS)	跨站脚本（XSS）	Running an attacker's script in other users' browsers through unescaped text.	XSS and path traversal
CSS	CSS	Cascading Style Sheets: the rules that decide how HTML looks.	Selectors and the cascade
CSV	CSV 文件	Comma-separated values: a table as plain text, one row per line.	Pipes and redirection

D

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Data type	数据类型	A category of values that determines which operations apply to them.	Types and input()
Deadlock	死锁	Processes waiting on each other in a cycle, so none can continue.	Deadlock
Debugging	调试	Finding and fixing bugs, often by tracing the steps one at a time.	Pseudocode and bugs
Decimal	十进制	The everyday number system, with digits 0 to 9 and places worth ones, tens, hundreds.	Zeros and ones: binary
Decomposition	分解	Breaking a problem into smaller parts that are easier to solve one at a time.	Collecting gems Graduation challenge
Decorator	装饰器	@name above a def: replaces the function with a wrapped version.	Middleware and errors
Default deny	默认拒绝	Blocking everything that no rule explicitly allows.	Firewall rules
Define	定义	To create a function with def, giving its name and body.	New commands: def
Dependency injection	依赖注入	Passing in what code depends on, so tests can swap it.	Fakes and dependency injection
Depth-first search (DFS)	深度优先搜索	Explore one path deep before backing up.	Graphs: BFS and DFS
Deque	双端队列	A double-ended queue with O(1) adds and removes at both ends.	Stacks and queues
Descending (DESC)	降序	From large to small, Z to A, new to old.	Sorting and limiting
Dictionary attack	字典攻击	Guessing passwords by hashing a list of common passwords and comparing.	Hashing and salt
Diff	差异	The line-by-line changes between two versions.	Seeing and undoing changes
DNS	域名系统	The system that turns domain names into IP addresses, like a phone book.	How the internet works
DNS	域名系统	The system that turns names like example.com into IP addresses.	DNS
Docker	Docker	The most common tool for building and running containers.	Containers and the Dockerfile
Docker Compose	Docker Compose	Runs several containers described in one YAML file.	Docker Compose
Dockerfile	Dockerfile	The recipe for a container image.	Containers and the Dockerfile
Drift	配置漂移	Real infrastructure no longer matching the files.	Plans and state
Dynamic programming	动态规划	Reusing answers to overlapping subproblems instead of recomputing them.	Dynamic programming

E

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Edge case	边界情况	An unusual input: empty, zero, the largest value…	Edge cases
Element	元素	One item stored in a list.	List basics
elif	elif 分支	An extra condition in an if statement, checked only if the ones above were False.	elif, and, or, not
else	else 分支	The block that runs when the if condition is False.	Look first: if
Embedding	嵌入	A vector that places similar meanings close together.	Embeddings and retrieval
Encoding	编码	Changing data into another format with a public, reversible scheme such as Base64.	Encoding and encryption
Encryption	加密	Scrambling data so only someone with the key can read it.	Encoding and encryption
Epoch	轮次	One pass over the training data.	Gradient descent
Equality ==	相等 ==	The operator that checks whether two values are equal.	if and else
Error	错误	A problem that stops a program from running, reported with the line where it happened.	Collecting gems
Error budget	错误预算	1 − SLO: the failure you can afford.	SLOs and error budgets
Escaping	转义	Turning < > & " into entities so text can't become HTML.	State and rendering
Escaping	转义	Replacing special characters such as < with safe codes such as <.	XSS and path traversal
Euclidean distance	欧几里得距离	Straight-line distance between two points.	k-nearest neighbours
Exit status	退出状态	The number a command ends with: 0 means success.	Shell scripts
Exponential backoff	指数退避	Doubling the wait after each failure, up to a cap.	Queues, retries and idempotency

F

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
f-string	f-string 格式化字符串	A string starting with f whose {expressions} are evaluated and inserted.	String methods and f-strings
Fast-forward	快进	A merge where the branch label just moves forward.	Branching and merging
Feature	特征	An input column the model uses.	Data, features and labels
fetch	fetch	The browser function for HTTP requests.	Async and fetch
File	文件	A named piece of data kept in storage.	Files and folders
File extension	扩展名	The end of a file name after the last dot, such as .jpg, which says what kind of file it is.	Files and folders
File system	文件系统	The layer that turns disk blocks into named files and folders.	File systems
Filtering	筛选	Building a new list with only the items that pass a test.	Working with lists
Firewall	防火墙	A filter that allows or blocks network traffic according to rules.	Firewall rules
First match wins	首个匹配生效	In an if/elif chain only the first True condition's block runs.	elif, and, or, not
Flapping	抖动	Scaling up and down over and over.	Autoscaling
Flexbox	弹性布局	A layout mode that arranges children in a row or column.	Layout: boxes, flexbox, phones
float	浮点数类型	The type of numbers with a decimal point, such as 3.5.	Types and input()
Floor division //	整除 //	Division that keeps only the whole-number part of the result.	print() and calculations
Folder (directory)	文件夹（目录）	A container that holds files and other folders.	Files and folders
for loop	for 循环	A loop that runs its body once for each value in a sequence, such as range(n).	Repeat with for
Foreign key	外键	A column that points to a row in another table by its id.	Joining tables
Form	表单	A group of inputs whose values are sent together.	Forms and accessibility
Function	函数	A named group of steps you can use again and again by its name.	Pseudocode and bugs
Function	函数	A named block of code that runs when it is called.	New commands: def
Function call	函数调用	Running a named action by writing its name followed by parentheses, such as move().	First steps

G

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
GitHub Actions	GitHub Actions	GitHub's CI/CD service, configured with YAML workflows.	CI with GitHub Actions
Gradient	梯度	The slope of the loss with respect to a weight.	Gradient descent
Gradient descent	梯度下降	Lowering the loss by stepping against the gradient.	Gradient descent
Graph	图	Nodes connected by edges.	Graphs: BFS and DFS
GROUP BY	分组	Splits rows into groups that share a value, one result row each.	Grouping and counting

H

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Hard link	硬链接	Another name for the same inode.	File systems
Hardware	硬件	The physical parts of a computer that you can touch.	What a computer does
Hash	哈希值	A number computed from a key to find its slot quickly.	Hash maps and sets Hashing and salt
Hash map	哈希表	A key → value store with fast lookup; Python's dict.	Hash maps and sets
HEAD	HEAD	The commit you are currently on.	Seeing and undoing changes
Hit rate	命中率	The share of requests served from the cache.	Page replacement and LRU Caching
HMAC	HMAC 消息认证码	A keyed hash that proves data was produced by someone holding the key and wasn't changed.	Tokens and HMAC
HPA	HPA 水平自动扩缩	Kubernetes' Horizontal Pod Autoscaler.	Autoscaling
HTML	HTML	HyperText Markup Language: the elements that give a page its structure.	The structure of a page
HTTP	超文本传输协议	The text protocol browsers and servers use: requests and responses.	HTTP requests and responses
HTTP header	HTTP 头部	A Name: value line with extra information about a request or response.	HTTP requests and responses
HTTPS	HTTPS 加密连接	HTTP with encryption, so nobody in between can read or change the data.	How the internet works
Hypothesis	Hypothesis	A Python library for property-based testing.	Tables and properties

I

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
IAM	身份与访问管理	Identity and access management: who may do what in a cloud account.	IAM and least privilege
Idempotency	幂等性	Doing the same request twice has the same effect as once.	Queues, retries and idempotency
Idempotent	幂等	Doing it twice has the same effect as once.	API design and pagination
if statement	if 语句	A statement that runs a block only when its condition is True.	Look first: if
Immutable	不可变	Describes values, like strings, that cannot be changed after they are created.	String methods and f-strings
Implicit deny	隐式拒绝	Anything not explicitly allowed is refused.	IAM and least privilege
in	in 成员运算	An operator that checks whether a value is contained in another, giving True or False.	String methods and f-strings
Incremental development	增量开发	Writing a program in small steps and testing after each one.	Graduation challenge
Indentation	缩进	Spaces at the start of a line that show which block the line belongs to.	Repeat with for
Index	下标	The position of an item in a sequence, starting from 0.	Indexing and slicing Keys, constraints and indexes
IndexError	下标越界错误	The error raised when an index is outside the valid range.	List basics
Indicator of compromise	入侵迹象	Evidence that an attacker may have got in, such as a success after many failures.	Finding attacks in logs
Infinite loop	死循环	A loop whose condition never becomes False, so it never stops.	Keep going: while
Infrastructure as code	基础设施即代码	Cloud resources described in versioned files.	Terraform basics
Inner loop	内层循环	The loop inside; it runs completely for each round of the outer loop.	Loops inside loops
Inode	索引节点	The record describing one file: size, owner, mode and blocks.	File systems
Input	输入	Information that goes into a computer, such as typing, tapping or speaking.	What a computer does
input()	input() 输入函数	A function that reads a line typed by the user and returns it as a string.	Types and input()
Instruction	指令	A single step that tells the computer to do one thing.	First steps
int	整数类型	The type of whole numbers, such as 42.	Types and input()
Integrity	完整性	Data can't be changed without the change being noticed.	Threats and risk
IntegrityError	IntegrityError	Raised when a change breaks a table rule such as UNIQUE or CHECK.	Databases from code
Internet	互联网	A worldwide network of networks that lets computers exchange data.	How the internet works
Invariant	不变式	A fact that stays true on every step of a loop.	Binary search
IP address	IP 地址	A number that identifies a device on a network, like a street address.	How the internet works
IP address	IP 地址	A number that identifies a device on a network, such as 192.168.1.20.	IP addresses and subnets
Iteration	迭代	One pass through the body of a loop.	for and range()

J

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
JavaScript	JavaScript	The programming language every web browser runs.	JavaScript basics
Join	连接	Combining rows of two tables that match on a condition.	Joining tables
JSON	JSON	A text format for data, used by almost every web API.	Arrays, objects and JSON
json module	json 模块	json.loads turns JSON text into Python data; json.dumps does the reverse.	JSON APIs and validation

K

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
k-nearest neighbours	k 近邻	Voting among the k closest examples.	k-nearest neighbours
Key	密钥	The secret value that controls encryption and decryption.	Encoding and encryption
Keyspace	密钥空间	The number of possible passwords or keys.	Brute force in numbers
Kubernetes	Kubernetes	A system that runs and heals containers across many machines.	Kubernetes basics

L

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Label	标签（label）	The name of an input; linked with for="id".	Forms and accessibility
Label	标签	The value the model learns to predict.	Data, features and labels
Layer	镜像层	The result of one Dockerfile instruction; cached between builds.	Layers, caching and small images
Learning rate	学习率	How big each gradient step is.	Gradient descent
Least privilege	最小权限	Only the permissions a job needs.	IAM and least privilege
Left join	左连接	A join that keeps every row of the left table, with NULLs where there is no match.	Joining tables
len()	len() 长度函数	A function that returns the number of items in a sequence.	Indexing and slicing
Linear regression	线性回归	Predicting a number with a straight line.	Linear regression and loss
Linear search	顺序查找	Checking items one by one from the start until you find the one you want.	Algorithms: finding fast
List	列表	An ordered, changeable collection of values in square brackets.	List basics
Load balancer	负载均衡器	Spreads requests over servers.	Load balancing and consistent hashing
Lock ordering	锁顺序	Always taking locks in one fixed order to prevent deadlock.	Deadlock
Log	日志	A record a program writes for each event, one line at a time.	Finding attacks in logs
Log file	日志文件	A file a program appends a line to for each thing that happens.	Reading and searching
Logical operator	逻辑运算符	and, or and not, which combine or invert Boolean values.	elif, and, or, not
Loop	循环	A group of steps repeated a set number of times or while a condition is true.	Pseudocode and bugs
Loop	循环	A structure that repeats a block of code.	Repeat with for
Loop body	循环体	The indented lines that a loop repeats.	Repeat with for
Loop condition	循环条件	The expression a while loop checks before each round.	while loops
Loss	损失	A score for how wrong predictions are.	Linear regression and loss
LRU	最近最少使用	Evict the item not used for the longest time.	Page replacement and LRU Caching

M

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Mean squared error	均方误差	The average of squared prediction errors.	Linear regression and loss
Media query	媒体查询	CSS that applies only when the screen matches a condition, such as max-width.	Layout: boxes, flexbox, phones
Megabyte (MB)	兆字节	About a million bytes; a phone photo is usually a few MB.	Text, colours and pictures
Memoisation	记忆化	Caching a function's results by its arguments.	Dynamic programming
Memory (RAM)	内存	Fast, temporary space for programs and data in use; wiped when the power is off.	Inside the machine
Merge	合并	Bringing another branch's commits into the current one.	Branching and merging
Merge conflict	合并冲突	Two branches changed the same lines; you choose the result.	Merge conflicts
Merge sort	归并排序	Sort halves recursively, then merge them: O(n log n).	Recursion and merge sort
Message queue	消息队列	A buffer between producers and workers.	Queues, retries and idempotency
Method	方法	A function attached to a value, called with a dot.	String methods and f-strings
Middleware	中间件	Code that wraps every request: logging, auth, errors.	Middleware and errors
Min-max scaling	最小-最大缩放	Mapping values to 0…1 with (v − min) / (max − min).	Data, features and labels
Mock	模拟对象	A double that records how it was called.	Fakes and dependency injection
Modulo %	取余 %	The remainder left over after whole-number division.	print() and calculations
Multi-stage build	多阶段构建	Build in one stage, ship only the result from a small one.	Layers, caching and small images
Mutation testing	变异测试	Testing your tests by planting small bugs.	Edge cases
Mutex (lock)	互斥锁	Lets only one thread at a time into a critical section.	Threads, races and locks

N

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
N + 1	N + 1 冗余	One spare server beyond what the load needs.	Back-of-the-envelope estimates
NameError	名字错误	An error raised when code uses a name that has not been defined.	Reading error messages
Nested loop	嵌套循环	A loop inside the body of another loop.	Loops inside loops
None	None 空值	The value a function gives back when it has no return statement.	def, parameters and return
Normalise a path	规范化路径	Resolve . and .. so the path shows where it really points.	XSS and path traversal
not	not 取反	An operator that turns True into False and False into True.	Keep going: while
NULL	空值	A missing value; test it with IS NULL.	SELECT and WHERE

O

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Object	对象	Named values grouped together: { name: "Ada" }.	Arrays, objects and JSON
Off-by-one error	差一错误	A bug where a loop runs one time too many or too few.	Patterns in a loop
On call	值班	Being the person who responds when production breaks.	Processes and services
Option (flag)	选项	A word starting with - that changes what a command does.	Reading and searching
Outer loop	外层循环	The loop that contains another loop.	Loops inside loops
Output	输出	What a computer produces for you, such as text on a screen or a sound.	What a computer does
Overfitting	过拟合	Doing well on training data and badly on new data.	Measuring a model

P

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Packet	数据包	A small numbered piece of data sent across a network.	How the internet works
Page	页	A fixed-size block of memory, often 4 KB.	Virtual memory and paging
Page fault	缺页	Access to a page not currently in RAM.	Virtual memory and paging
Pagination	分页	Returning a big list in pages.	API design and pagination
Parameter	参数	A name in a function definition that receives a value when the function is called.	def, parameters and return
Parameterised query	参数化查询	SQL with ? placeholders; values are passed separately.	Databases from code
Passphrase	密码短语	A long password made of several random words.	Brute force in numbers
Password hash (bcrypt, Argon2)	密码哈希（bcrypt、Argon2）	A deliberately slow, salted hash designed for storing passwords.	Hashing and salt
Password manager	密码管理器	An app that creates and stores a different random password for every site.	Brute force in numbers
Path	路径	The address of a file: the folders from the top down to it, separated by slashes.	Files and folders
Path traversal	路径穿越	Using ../ in a file name to reach files outside the intended folder.	XSS and path traversal
Pattern	规律	A group of steps that repeats and becomes the body of a loop.	Patterns in a loop
Peak factor	峰值系数	How much busier the peak is than the average.	Back-of-the-envelope estimates
Permission	权限	Whether a user may read, write or execute a file.	Permissions and sudo
Pipe	管道	\| sends one command's output into the next command's input.	Pipes and redirection
Pixel	像素	One dot of colour on a screen or in a digital image.	Text, colours and pictures
Place value	位值	How much a digit is worth because of where it stands in a number.	Zeros and ones: binary
Placeholder (?)	占位符（?）	A marker in a SQL query where a value is filled in safely by the database driver.	SQL injection
Pod	Pod	One or more containers that Kubernetes runs together.	Kubernetes basics
Port	端口	A number that selects a service on a machine, such as 22 for SSH or 443 for HTTPS.	Firewall rules
Port number	端口号	A number that selects a program on a machine, such as 443 for HTTPS.	TCP, UDP and ports
Precision	精确率	TP / (TP + FP): how many flagged cases were real.	Measuring a model
Primary key	主键	The column (or columns) that uniquely identifies a row.	Keys, constraints and indexes
print()	print() 输出函数	A built-in function that displays values on the screen.	print() and calculations
Process	进程	A running program, identified by its PID.	Processes and services
Process	进程	A running program with its own memory and state.	Processes and scheduling
Processing	处理	What a computer does with input by following instructions.	What a computer does
Program	程序	A list of instructions that a computer follows step by step.	What a computer does
Program	程序	A sequence of instructions that a computer executes in order.	First steps
Promise	Promise	A value that will be ready later, or an error.	Async and fetch
Property-based test	基于性质的测试	Rules checked on many generated inputs.	Tables and properties
Pseudocode	伪代码	Steps written in plain language but structured like code.	Pseudocode and bugs
Pull	拉取	Download a remote's commits and merge them.	Remotes: push and pull
Pull request	拉取请求	A reviewed request to merge one branch into another.	.gitignore and pull requests
Push	推送	Upload your commits to a remote.	Remotes: push and pull
pytest	pytest	The most common test runner for Python.	Your first tests

Q

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
QPS	每秒请求数	Requests per second.	Back-of-the-envelope estimates
Query	查询	A question you ask a database, usually a SELECT statement.	SELECT and WHERE
Queue	队列	First in, first out.	Stacks and queues

R

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Race condition	竞态条件	A bug where the result depends on thread timing.	Threads, races and locks
RAG	检索增强生成	Retrieving documents and adding them to a model's prompt.	Embeddings and retrieval
range()	range() 范围函数	A function that produces a sequence of whole numbers, stopping before the stop value.	for and range()
Rate limiting	限流	Capping how fast a client may send requests.	Rate limiting
Readiness probe	就绪探针	A health check that decides when a pod gets traffic.	Kubernetes basics
Recall	召回率	TP / (TP + FN): how many real cases were found.	Measuring a model
Recursion	递归	A function solving a problem by calling itself on a smaller version.	Recursion and merge sort
Redirection	重定向	> or >> sends output into a file instead of the screen.	Pipes and redirection
Reducer	reducer 更新函数	A function (state, action) → new state.	State and rendering
Regression test	回归测试	A test kept so a fixed bug can't come back.	TDD and regression tests
Regular expression	正则表达式	A pattern describing the shape of text, used to match and extract parts.	Finding attacks in logs
Remote	远程仓库	Another copy of the repository, such as one on GitHub.	Remotes: push and pull
Replacement	替换（重建）	Destroy and recreate, for attributes that can't change in place.	Plans and state
Resolver	解析器	The DNS server that looks names up for your computer.	DNS
Responsive design	响应式设计	One page that adapts to any screen size.	Layout: boxes, flexbox, phones
REST	REST	URLs name resources; HTTP methods say what to do.	API design and pagination
return	return 返回	The statement that ends a function and sends a value back to the caller.	def, parameters and return
Revert	反转提交	A new commit that undoes an earlier one.	Seeing and undoing changes
RGB	RGB 红绿蓝	A colour written as amounts of red, green and blue light, each 0 to 255.	Text, colours and pictures
Right-hand rule	右手法则	A maze algorithm: keep the wall on your right and follow it.	Final: any maze
Risk	风险	How much a threat matters, often scored as likelihood times impact.	Threats and risk
Rollback	回滚	Undoing every change made since BEGIN.	Changing data and transactions
root	root 超级用户	The administrator account on Linux; it may do anything.	Permissions and sudo
round()	round() 四舍五入	A built-in that rounds a number to a given number of decimal places.	Graduation challenge
Route	路由	A method and path pattern connected to a handler.	Routing
Router	路由器	A device that forwards packets between networks.	IP addresses and subnets
Runtime error	运行时错误	An error that happens while the program is running.	Reading error messages

S

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Salt	盐	A random value mixed into each password before hashing so equal passwords get different hashes.	Hashing and salt
Save	保存	Copy your work from memory to storage so that it is kept.	Inside the machine
Scheduler	调度器	The part of the OS that decides which process runs next.	Processes and scheduling
Schema	表结构	The design of a database: its tables, columns and rules.	Keys, constraints and indexes
Secret (CI)	密钥（CI）	A protected value given to workflows, hidden in logs.	CI with GitHub Actions
secrets module	secrets 模块	Python's module for generating unpredictable tokens.	Tokens and HMAC
Segmentation fault	段错误	The OS stopping a process that accessed memory it doesn't own.	Virtual memory and paging
Selector	选择器	The pattern that picks which elements a CSS rule applies to.	Selectors and the cascade
Sentinel value	结束标记	A special input value that marks the end of the data.	while loops
Sequence	顺序	Steps carried out one after another, in order.	Pseudocode and bugs
Sequence	顺序执行	Running instructions one after another, in the order they are written.	Turning
Server	服务器	A computer that is always on and answers requests from other computers.	How the internet works
Service	服务	A long-running program managed by systemd.	Processes and services
Service (Kubernetes)	Service（Kubernetes）	A stable address for a set of pods, found by labels.	Kubernetes basics
Session	会话	A server-side record of a login, found through a cookie.	Sessions, 401 and 403
Session id	会话 ID	A random value that identifies a logged-in user between requests.	Tokens and HMAC
Sharding	分片	Splitting data over servers by key.	Load balancing and consistent hashing
Shell script	shell 脚本	A file of shell commands run one after another.	Shell scripts
Shell variable	shell 变量	A name set with name=value and read with $name.	Shell scripts
Slice	切片	A part of a sequence taken with [start:stop], excluding stop.	Indexing and slicing
Sliding window	滑动窗口	A moving range with a running total.	Two pointers and sliding windows
SLO	服务水平目标	The reliability target, such as 99.9% over 30 days.	SLOs and error budgets
Software	软件	Programs: the instructions that tell the hardware what to do.	What a computer does
Sorted	有序	Arranged in order, such as smallest to largest or A to Z.	Algorithms: finding fast
sorted()	sorted() 排序函数	A built-in that returns a new list with the items in ascending order.	Working with lists
Specificity	优先级（特异性）	The (ids, classes, tags) score that decides between conflicting rules.	Selectors and the cascade
Spread	展开运算符	... copies the items of an array or the fields of an object.	Arrays, objects and JSON
SQL injection	SQL 注入	Input that changes the meaning of a SQL query because it was pasted into the SQL text.	SQL injection
sqlite3	sqlite3	Python's built-in library for SQLite databases.	Databases from code
SRE	站点可靠性工程	Site reliability engineering: running services with software and agreed reliability targets.	SLOs and error budgets
Stack	栈	Last in, first out.	Stacks and queues
Staging area	暂存区	The changes chosen for the next commit.	Commits
State	状态	The information a program remembers at a moment, such as position and direction.	Turning State and rendering
Status code	状态码	The three-digit result of an HTTP request, such as 404.	HTTP requests and responses Routing
Storage	存储	Permanent space for files, such as an SSD or hard drive; kept when the power is off.	Inside the machine
String	字符串	A sequence of characters written between quotes.	print() and calculations
Subnet	子网	A range of addresses sharing the same network prefix, such as 10.0.1.0/24.	IP addresses and subnets
sudo	sudo	Runs one command as root.	Permissions and sudo
Syntax error	语法错误	An error where code breaks the language's grammar, so the program cannot start.	Reading error messages

T

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Table	表	Rows of the same kind of thing; each column holds one fact about it.	SELECT and WHERE
Table-driven test	表格驱动测试	Many (input, expected) rows checked in one loop.	Tables and properties
Tag	标签	A fixed name for one commit, often a release like v1.0.	.gitignore and pull requests The structure of a page
TCP	传输控制协议	A reliable, ordered byte stream between two programs.	TCP, UDP and ports
TDD	测试驱动开发	Red, green, refactor: write the test first.	TDD and regression tests
Template literal	模板字符串	Text in backticks where ${...} inserts values.	JavaScript basics
Terminal	终端	A window where you type commands and read their output.	Files and folders
Terraform	Terraform	A tool that creates and updates cloud resources from files.	Terraform basics
terraform plan	terraform plan	A preview of what Terraform would change.	Terraform basics
Terraform state	Terraform 状态	Terraform's record of what it manages.	Plans and state
Test double	测试替身	A stub, fake or mock used in place of a real dependency.	Fakes and dependency injection
Test set	测试集	Rows kept aside to check the model on unseen data.	Data, features and labels
Thread	线程	A sequence of execution inside a process; threads share the process's memory.	Threads, races and locks
Threat	威胁	Anything that could break confidentiality, integrity or availability.	Threats and risk
Three-way handshake	三次握手	SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK: how a TCP connection starts.	TCP, UDP and ports
Threshold	阈值	The value above which an alert is raised.	Finding attacks in logs
Time complexity	时间复杂度	How the number of steps grows with n.	Big-O: counting steps
Time slice (quantum)	时间片	How long a process may run before the scheduler switches.	Processes and scheduling
Timing attack	时序攻击	Learning a secret from how long an operation takes.	Tokens and HMAC
TLS	传输层安全	Encryption and server identity checks for a connection; the S in HTTPS.	From URL to page
Token bucket	令牌桶	Allows bursts up to a capacity and an average rate.	Rate limiting
Transaction	事务	Statements that take effect all together or not at all.	Changing data and transactions Databases from code
Tree	树	A connected graph with no cycles and one root.	Graphs: BFS and DFS
Troubleshooting	故障排查	Finding the cause of a problem by testing one possibility at a time.	Finding what's broken
TTL	生存时间	How long an answer may be cached.	DNS Caching
Two pointers	双指针	Two indexes moving through a list so each item is visited once.	Two pointers and sliding windows
Type conversion	类型转换	Turning a value into another type, for example with int() or str().	Types and input()
TypeError	类型错误	An error raised when an operation is used on a value of the wrong type.	Reading error messages

U

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
UDP	用户数据报协议	Single messages with no delivery guarantee and little delay.	TCP, UDP and ports
Unicode	Unicode 统一码	The character encoding used almost everywhere, covering nearly every writing system and emoji.	Text, colours and pictures
Unit test	单元测试	A small automated test of one piece of code.	Your first tests
URL	网址	A web address: protocol, domain name and path, such as https://example.com/news.	How the internet works
URL	网址	scheme://host:port/path?query#fragment.	From URL to page

V

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Validation	校验	Checking input before trusting it.	JSON APIs and validation
Value	值	A piece of data, such as 42 or "hello".	Variables
Variable	变量	A name that refers to a value stored in memory.	Variables
Version control	版本控制	Keeping every saved version of files so you can compare and go back.	Commits
Virtual memory	虚拟内存	Each process sees its own address space, mapped to RAM by the OS.	Virtual memory and paging
Virtual node	虚拟节点	One of many ring positions for the same server.	Load balancing and consistent hashing
Volume	卷	Storage that outlives a container.	Docker Compose

W

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
Wait-for graph	等待图	Arrows from each waiting process to the one it waits for.	Deadlock
while loop	while 循环	A loop that repeats while its condition is True.	Keep going: while
Working directory	当前目录	The folder commands run in; relative paths start here.	Files and folders

X

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
XOR	异或 XOR	A bit operation; XOR with the same key twice returns the original value.	Encoding and encryption

Y

Term	Chinese	Definition	Lesson
YAML	YAML	An indentation-based text format for configuration.	Docker Compose